Group Members: Jessica (Reid) Bryan,
Devon Mansfield, & Therese Sedillo
Tobacco
use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States.
Nearly
443, 000 people die each year due to cigarette smoking and second hand smoke.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among men and women in the US.
Nearly 90% of lung cancer cases are caused by cigarette smoking. This is a huge
Public Health issue. The following graphs and statistics illustrate the need for
prevention and intervention.
Centers for Disease
Control & Prevention Annual Deaths Attributable to Cigarette Smoking—United
States, 2000–2004
Historical timeline of Tobacco Use:
Mid 17th
century: Most major civilizations had been introduced to tobacco smoking used
in pipes, cigars and by chewing
Early 1800's: Cigarettes were first introduced in
the US
1864: The
first federal tax was imposed. The cigarette manufacturing industry boomed and
cigarettes became a major US tobacco product.
1880-1920:
Early anti-smoking activity was motivated by moral and hygienic concerns
WW1: Army
surgeons encouraged cigarettes for helping relax and ease the pain of the
wounded
1964: United
State Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health began suggesting the
relationship between smoking and cancer
1969:
Cigarette advertising on TV and radio was banned
1972: Surgeon General’s report became the first of a series of reports to identify environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) as a health risk to nonsmokers
1973: Arizona became the first state to restrict smoking in various public places
1975: The
Army and Navy stopped including cigarettes in rations for service members
1990: Smoking was banned on all commercial US
flights
1992:The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified ETS as a “Group A” carcinogen
1992:The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified ETS as a “Group A” carcinogen
1998: Tobacco
industry approved a 46-state Master Settlement Agreement that paid $206 billion
for public health provisions
1999: The
major US tobacco companies agreed to remove all advertising from outdoor and
transit billboards
2009: The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco
Control Act gave the FDA ability to regulate tobacco products through sales,
advertising and ingredient content
- The Federal tobacco excise tax increased by $0.61 to $1.01 per pack
2010: The FDA
made it illegal for cigarettes or smokeless tobacco to be sold to anyone under
18 years of age
Healthy
People 2020 Tobacco Use Goal:
Reduce
illness, disability, and death related to tobacco use and secondhand smoke
exposure.
The Healthy People 2020
Tobacco Use objectives are organized into 3
key areas:
- Tobacco Use Prevalence: Implementing policies to
reduce tobacco use and initiation among youth and adults.
- Health System Changes: Adopting policies and
strategies to increase access, affordability, and use of smoking cessation
services and treatments.
- Social and Environmental Changes: Establishing policies to reduce exposure to secondhand smoke, increase the cost of tobacco, restrict tobacco advertising, and reduce illegal sales to minors.
CDC 2015 Targets
Interventions, Mass Media Campaigns, & Policies
Mass Media Campaigns
“Evidence
indicates that mass media campaigns can be one of the most effective strategies
in changing social norms and preventing youth smoking” (USDHHS, 2012, p. 6).
The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides access to hundreds of
licensed advertisements developed by more than 25 state health departments,
nonprofit health organizations, and federal agencies through its Media Campaign Resource Center (MCRC).
The MCRC collection provides free or
low-cost television, radio, print, and out-of-home ads for organizations
conducting anti-tobacco campaigns.
Click here to be directed to an archive of their media campaigns.
Click here to see ads specifically produced by Colorado Public Health Department.
Click here to be directed to an archive of their media campaigns.
Click here to see ads specifically produced by Colorado Public Health Department.
CDC: A Tip from a Former Smoker- Terrie's Ad
Evidence
shows that if you haven’t started smoking by age 26, it is very unlikely that
you will ever start (USDHHS, 2012).
Therefore, prevention efforts should be directed towards policies that
specifically target youth and young adults.
Policies
proven to specifically prevent youth and young adults from smoking include:
·
Make
tobacco products less affordable.
·
Restrict
tobacco marketing.
·
Ban
smoking in public places—such as workplaces, schools, day care centers,
hospitals, restaurants, hotels, and parks. (Evidence also shows bans increase
likelihood of adults quitting smoking)
·
Require
tobacco companies to label tobacco packages with large, graphic health
warnings.
(USDHHS, 2012)
For
example, Colorado passed the Colorado Clean Indoor Air Act on July 1, 2006 that
banned smoking in most indoor places.
Read more at smokefreecolorado.gov or by clicking on this link. Read the entire legislation here.
Interventions
Through a primary care
provider. Many people
seek help to quit smoking through their doctor, so primary care health settings
are key intervention opportunities. Practical counseling that involves problem
solving and skills training and enlisting use of social support as part of
treatment has been found to be effective (Fiore et al., 2008). There are also several medications available
to help. Counseling and medication are effective when used by themselves for
treating tobacco dependence, however, the combination of counseling and medication,
however, is more effective than either alone (Fiore et al., 2008). A doctor should always be consulted for using
any of these products:
o
Medications
which reliably increase long-term smoking abstinence rates:
§ Bupropion SR
(anti-depressant)
§ Nicotine gum
§ Nicotine inhaler
§ Nicotine lozenge
§ Nicotine nasal
spray
§ Nicotine patch
§ Varenicline (Fiore et
al., 2008)
Quit-lines To comply with
the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)which requires tobacco
counseling as a covered benefit, most states now have a “quit-line”, or state
sponsored tobacco dependence counseling services. For example, the Colorado QuitLine is a free program that provides evidence-based
smoking cessation services to Colorado residents including telephone
counseling, self help-materials, and free or low cost Nicotine Replacement
Therapies (NRT). Colorado Quitline is funded through the Colorado Department of
Public Health and Environment (CDPHE), which is dedicated to providing
cost-effective, evidence-based practices in the public health and environmental
fields.
or call
1-800-QUIT-NOW
SmokeFree.gov is a website for people who want to
quit smoking. It was created by the Tobacco Control
Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control, and
Population Sciences of the National Cancer Institute. The materials were designed using evidence-based
research. They include a step-by-step
quit guide, a LiveChat Help Line and telephone counseling through the National
Cancer Institute, and support through text
messaging.
My QuitLine iPhone App is an
evidence-based mobile phone application developed by Dr. Lorien Abroms through
a grant from the National Cancer Institute and the National Tobacco Cessation
Collaborative (NTCC) at The George Washington University’s School of Public
Health and Health Services (GWU-SPHHS).
References:
CDC
(2013). Media Campaign Resource Center. Retrieved May 5th, 2013, from: http://nccd.cdc.gov/MCRC/Apps/QuickSearch.aspx
CDC (2013)
Smoking & Tobacco Use: Highlights: Tobacco Timeline. Retrieved May 10, 2013
from: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2000/highlights/historical/index.htm
CDC (2013).
Smoking & Tobacco Use: Annual Deaths Attributable to Cigarette
Smoking—United States, 2000–2004.Retrieved on May 8, 2013 from: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/health/attrdeaths/index.htm
CDC
(2013).Winnable Battles: Tobacco. Retrieved May 8, 2013 from: http://www.cdc.gov/WinnableBattles/targets/Tobacco/
Colorado
Quitline (2013) Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment https://www.coquitline.org/
Fiore
MC, J. n. C., Baker TB, et al. (2008). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence:
2008 Update. www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/treating_tobacco_use08.pdf.
Healthy
People.gov (2013) Tobacco Use: 2020 Topics & Objectives. Retrieved May 10, 2013
from: http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicId=41
Phillips,
Todd. (2009) My QuitLine iPhone App Helps Smokers Quit with Evidence-Based
Treatment. National Tobacco Cessation Collaborative Press Release. Retrieved
May 5th, 2013 from: http://www.tobaccocessation.org/PDFs/MyQuitLinePressReleaseFINAL.pdf
USDHHS
(2012). Preventing Tobacco Use Among
Youth and Young Adults A Report of the Surgeon General 2012. U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Public Health Service Office of the Surgeon General
Rockville, MD. Retrieved May 5th, 2013, from:
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/preventing-youth-tobacco-use/full-report.pdf
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